Cytogenetics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cytogenetics - Coursework Example Other Cytogenetic strategies remember Fluorescent for situ hybridization, Centromere or C-banding, replication banding, Sub-infinitesimal telomere examination, distamycin recoloring and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (1). Irregularities in chromosomes can likewise be distinguished by non-cytogenetic strategies, similar to that of Microarray investigation and Molecular examination of Telomeric successions (1). Human numerical irregularities are presently estimated by the appearance of cytogenetics, which incorporate Downs Syndrome, Turners condition and Klinefelters disorder. The development of sub-atomic cytogenetics began in 1980s with the appearance of Fluorescent in-situ hybridization. Later than FISH, method of chromosome microdissection came in picture in which micromanipulation and assessment of chromosome was completed. This technique lead to concentrate in detail the distortion in chromosomal structure that could be secluded cloned and in this way concentrated in significa ntly better detail. This strategy is additionally been put to clinical utilize like in analysis of disease and in hematological malignancies where it is utilized to decide the chromosomal translocations in the harmful cells, along these lines making the determination simpler and in this manner the treatment turns out to be progressively explicit. It is likewise utilized in the recognizable proof of the irregularity in myeloid leukemia (2). The future spotlights on atomic cytogenetics incorporate Comparative genomic hybridization microarrays; Single-Polynucleotide based Polymerization based karyotyping. Report for the clinician alluded to: 1. Perception and foundation: Given example of Mrs. Krerr has been broke down and karyotyping was done dependent on the G-banding Karyotype. There were away from of translocation between in Chromosome 4 and 11 having t(4;11)(q21:p13) phenotype. In light of distributed writing and reports translocation in chromosome 4; 11 was seen as related with high hazard newborn child intense leukemia (3) which emerges because of ill-conceived re-mix among MLL and AF4 quality. Distinguishing proof of this quality translocation in beginning period of life cycle permits us to characterize the treatment system in ensuing advancement of illnesses (4). The robotic part of this translocation is to a great extent obscure yet analysts can outline genomic breakpoints and, in this specific case it was seen as touchy to Dnase I and the cleavage site for Topoisomerase II. 2. Likely Gene included and proteins: an) AF4p12, otherwise called FRYL quality homologous to Drosophila FRY quality could be associated with keeping up uprightness of enraptured cell during morphogenesis (6). b) MLL 11 Q23 transcriptional controllers. 3. Further examinations: Watched karyotype and understanding should be approved dependent on minimal increasingly cytogenetic examination including Q-banding to acquire high goals banding example to find exact translocation. So also NOR (Silver) recoloring will assist with distinguishing translocation because of association of shorter arm translocation in given example. In any case, it is energetically prescribed to utilize Q-PCR system utilizing combination explicit preliminary (for example groundwork which enhances combination area of MLL and AF4). The aftereffects of PCR enhancement can

Economic Policy and Practice

Financial Policies And Practices ECO2072/Professor Gordon 4/5/2013 Assignment Due Date †4/3/2013 Economic Policies And Practices Understanding the establishment for which our economy and society in general is based upon, the requirement for a controlled and oversaw fiscal framework to work viably so as to encourage exchange and settle the stream inside our economy is a must.To encourage this need the national government actualizes instruments for breaking down the economy so as to manage and control, and choices are made dependent on the data sources and perceptions made to balance out and empower the cash to develop and withdraw as required inside our monetary framework. Once more, in view of the previously mentioned, the expression â€Å"money causes the world to go around† in this manner can be ascribed to the controlled frameworks, approaches as well as a systems of our government for which are represented to improve and oversee both the degrees of and impacts of our money related financial system.As we continue, we will endeavor to clarify different government strategy changes or spontaneous occasions which can and may happen, and the subsequent monetary occasions or action that will be affected inside our economy and the impacts it has upon and inside our economy. Actualized Budget Plan Resulting In Increases In Debt And No Plan For Problems As we take a gander at our Federal Governments job in execution and control of our nation’s spending plan and the present spending deficiency we can just supplicate that those accountable for the choices use the apparatuses accessible to them to oversee and mellow the hit to the economy as the shortage grows.Where for the situation our legislature utilizes a spending plan more than a few financial years and results wherein our economy supports critical increments in the nation’s obligation and shows no indications of help nor presents no designs to manage the issues, a few results would be li kely in the economy. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 32, P. 706 portrays one impact being the place government spending surpasses government income in this manner speaking to negative open sparing, accordingly lessening national reserve funds, along these lines diminishing the gracefully of loanable assets, Increasing financing costs, and groups out investment.Amadeo, 2013 offers extra impacts of this situation wherein the deficiency adds to a country’s obligation every year and as the obligation increments and the enthusiasm on the obligation must be paid, it builds spending while at the same time adding no advantage to the economy. In the event that the intrigue installments keep on rising, it can start to make a delay the economy’s development. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 32, P. 706 states extra impacts in that when spending shortfalls raise loan costs, both local just as remote practices cause U. S. net capital surge to fall.Therefore, in an open economy, our government’s spending deficiency raises the economy’s genuine loan costs, in this way swarming out household venture, and making the cash acknowledge, therefore pushing the exchange balance toward shortfall. Authorization Of New Tariffs And Quotas On All Imports The economy utilizes a model of total interest and total gracefully as a way to break down the monetary vacillations of flexibly and request. This model delineates both the general value levels in the economy and the general amount of products and ventures delivered in the economy.If in actuality the Federal Government were to establish new taxes and standards on all imports, the economy would in reality experience impacts from this movement. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 725-726 depicts the model of total interest and flexibly being what most financial analyst use to clarify short-run variances in monetary action around the since quite a while ago run pattern. The total interest bend shows the amount of products and enterprises for which famil y units, firms, the legislature, and clients abroad need to purchase at each value level.The total flexibly bend shows the amount of merchandise and ventures that organizations decide to deliver and sell at each value level. The effect the economy would cause on account of duties sanctioned being charges forced on imported products is the expansion of the cost of the merchandise in the household advertise, in this manner residential makers advantage because of they get more significant expenses, the administration benefits through the assortment of assessment incomes in this manner bringing about less merchandise delivered and the purchaser follows through on greater expenses (Investopedia, 2013).In the instance of standards and their impact on the economy, we find that portions are numerical cutoff points which are forced on imported products and in such an instance of authorization customers are genuinely hurt by the quantities while local and outside makers will profit by and by getting more significant expenses for products and ventures (Investopedia, 2013). Loss Of Confidence In Leadership In Ability To Manage And Create Jobs The Federal government is the substance that means in when our economy causes unfortunate conditions inside its business cycle.It is assumed that our administration has devices to identify and investigate our economy to comprehend those occasions that can possibly adjust the economy’s harmony. As for the previously mentioned, issues emerge when the overall population loses trust in the administration and their capacity to deal with the economy to incorporate employment creation. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 741 offers, that in the situation of absence of certainty we find that customers again modify their arrangements for the future decreasing buys and spending.The impact of this reduction impacts the total interest bend just as the total flexibly bend consequently affecting either the short-run harmony or potentially the since qu ite a while ago run balance. The outcomes bring about falling salaries and rising joblessness because of decrease of yield reflecting the move in total interest reacting to bring down deals and creation. Amadeo, 2013 states; â€Å"consumers who drive 70% of the economy won’t spend on the off chance that they don’t accept the future will be sheltered and secure.Therefore, the hidden job of the administration is to make certainty, controlling the monetary development expected to make jobs†. Decline Taxes In Effort To Stimulate The Economy Another apparatus inside our legislature and its monetary strategy to direct and control financial development is the tax assessment level. Some case that, charge rate slices can prompt expanded financial development, and riches, while others guarantee that by diminishing expenses relates to the profiting of the affluent because of they pay the most assessments already.Our government has the forces to burden which thus gives it m ore prominent command over its incomes. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 34, P. 773 offers, that when our legislature diminishes individual annual charges, it builds the salary of buyers. These family units will spare a portion of this extra salary, and will likewise invest some of it on products and enterprises. Since decreasing expenses builds customer spending consequently invigorating the economy, the tax break moves the total interest bend to one side. Alternately, a duty increment curbs shopper spending and moves the total interest bend to the left.The more noteworthy inquiry lies in ‘what is the effect in our economy of an assessment decrease for those creation over $250,000’? Amadeo, 2013 offers that, the administration considers those families that win more than $250,000 yearly are rich and along these lines should pay more charges because of their capacity to manage the cost of it. Amadeo, 2013 proceeds by expressing that, financial specialist state they don't spend these ta x reductions, yet spare and contribute them and subsequently tax breaks for the riches don't animate the economy. Venture Level’s Decrease Due To Lack Of Confidence In EconomyThe economy spins around the capacity of customers to put their cash in merchandise and enterprises or store ones abundance cash into enthusiasm bearing bank accounts wherein which the money related foundations would utilize the assets to make advances to purchasers to put resources into individual premiums. The capacity to contribute is vital to the since quite a while ago run of our economy’s achievement and the elements of total interest and flexibly and when these degrees of venture decline because of an absence of trust in the economy a few results start to unfurl in the economy. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 41 offers that, during such an occasion numerous individuals lose trust later on and adjust their arrangements, along these lines family units cut back on their spending and abstain from sign ificant buys, and organizations withdraw from the acquisition of new gear. AmosWeb, 2013 states; â€Å"the certainty that shoppers have in the economy influences their ability to attempt utilization expenditures†. Any adjustment in the certainty of shoppers wherein by changing utilization consumptions, will incite changes in the economy’s total interest along these lines causing a leftward move of the interest bend. Financing costs Kept Artificially Low By Fed’s For Several YearsThe economy spins around the loan costs on the numerous ventures of the shoppers and has a critical influence in the spending on merchandise and enterprises. The effect on the economy can be supposed to be two overlap in the occasion that financing costs are kept falsely low by the Federal Reserve over a long timeframe. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 728 states that, financing costs influence spending on products and enterprises, along these lines a lower loan cost makes getting more affordabl e and it urges organizations to acquire to put resources into activities and hardware just as it urges buyers to obtain to put resources into self and home.This stated, lower loan costs increment the amount of merchandise and ventures in the economy. On the other hand, Shilling, 2012 offers that misleadingly lower loan costs can impactsly affect customers in where the individuals who are setting aside cash are presently accepting insignificant to little profit for their bank and currency advertise accounts. Furthermore, the day of the free financial records are blurring endlessly just as banks and frugalities who manage the lower premium income are expanding the measures of required parity

The Effectiveness of Alcohol Marketing, Regulation and How It Is Can Protect the Consumer from Fake Products

Presentation This paper talks about the viability of liquor promoting guideline, and how it can shield the buyer from counterfeit items. This theme draws motivation from ongoing occasions. A twenty one year old understudy, nearly went dazzle because of the utilization of phony vodka.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Effectiveness of Alcohol Marketing, Regulation and How It Is Can Protect the Consumer from Fake Products explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The vodka devoured was offered to him at a club. This exposition tries to build up how such cases, can be forestalled through guidelines. To achieve this, item quality control guidelines and advertising guidelines must be examined. The reason for the occasion is advertise disappointment, brought about by poor dispersal of data. The well known method for scattering data to the market is through promoting (Collins et al 2004). Conversation The other case during which the administration may draw i n guideline, is the point at which the merchandise created to provide food for the lower salary acquiring market section, are of flawed quality. The nature of social insurance, for instance, ought not contrast contingent upon one’s budgetary capacity. The staples and any consumable items, must be of agreeable quality to forestall the flare-up of ailments and plagues among the residents. For this situation, the legislature has the obligation to guarantee that its residents get quality items by setting benchmarks on the nature of items sold in the commercial center. These guidelines influence the market powers by putting limitations on the value (Estevao 2005). By and large, the nature of merchandise and ventures is straightforwardly identified with the cost. An expansion in the nature of an item or administration, expands the expense of creation. The maker at that point passes the steady expenses to the shopper, so as to make a benefit. Subsequently, the nature of an item buil ds equivalent to the value set on the item. There are explicit experts in every nation, responsible for setting the quality norms for the items at the commercial center, just as guaranteeing that the limitations set by the administration are obeyed.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The foundation has the order to review work environments, and creation manufacturing plants, complete overviews of merchandise in the market, test and endorse the items in the market, and to abuse those saw as in break of the set guidelines (U.S Preventive Services Task Force 2005; Gunther 1980). On a full scale financial level, limitations influence creation of merchandise and enterprises by existing delivering organizations. The guidelines go further to influence the pace of development in efficiency, by influencing the inspiration for advancement, thus meddling with the rate at which new products and enterprises supplant the old (Kaplan 1980). The market disappointment because of poor dispersal of data, is plainly clear for the situation study. A youthful understudy went out to have a great time in a club. At the age of twenty one, the understudy is past the lawful age limit for liquor shoppers. This implies, this was not the first run through drinking, and the understudy had a most loved brand of vodka. Subsequently, there are the accompanying presumptions drawn up from this case: The barkeep might not have known that the vodka was phony. The barkeep and understudy didn't know that there were phony vodka items in the market. The quality control authority knew yet didn't spread the data. The quality control authority didn't know and didn't direct their customary investigations. As indicated by the story, the phony vodka was in a Smirnoff bottle, and prior that day, the quality reviewer checked the stock on the counter and found that it was all veritable. The cl ueless understudy bought the vodka and took 33% of it. She stayed in bed for a time of two days. The quality controller can't state that he had no updates on the fake vodka. The story further clarifies that Sarah’s case was not the primary that the medical clinic setback segment had treated. These occasions provide reason to feel ambiguous about the responsibility of the quality control controller and requires the improvement of a promoting controller. The case was all around examined and the barkeep was charged a fine (Jarvis 1992; Howells Weatherill 2005). In view of the above suspicions, one can't disregard the significance of having a solid and dynamic controller. The managing body must have five characteristics for it to function admirably. The first is that it must have the sponsorship from an authoritative authority.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Effectiveness of Alcohol Marketing, Regulation and How It Is Can Protect the Consumer from Fake Pr oducts explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies the controller ought to have support from associations that have administrative position. The authority is shaped through a demonstration of parliament. For this situation, the vodka episode should bind together the individuals with the goal that they build up the promoting controller and the quality controller, through a demonstration of parliament. Notwithstanding, if these controllers exist, they should have a review done, so as to build up whether they are playing out their administrative order. For this situation, almost certainly, the controller neglected to satisfy its administrative order. It is in this manner not in a situation to demand for open help. The controller has rules that limit their forces to practice judgment and produce arrangements The responsibility of the controllers must be capable. Be that as it may, the controllers are under the demonstration of parliament, and as a rule, they have been discovered untouchable. This is on the grounds that the controller is responsible to the parliamentarians, who are similar individuals who control it. On the off chance that in fact there was a controller very much aware of the phony vodka, it is conceivable that they concealed the data deliberately, in order to ensure the interests of an individual from the law based establishments that control it. The estimation of responsibility is astoundingly clear (Wasik 1995). The fair treatment gets open legitimacy, when it is straightforward, reasonable, open to all, and effectively available. In the advancement of a promoting controller, the open must guarantee that the fair treatment followed has the characteristics above (Wolfe Laurie 2004). Controllers require master counsel and information before passing a decision. A fair choice dependent on sound information on the circumstances, will help in assessing the best strategy. The current case, requires investigation into the substan ce of the beverage and the potential impacts of devouring the phony vodka. The controller likewise requires advertising specialists, who build up the best techniques for educating general society about the contrast between the first vodka and the phony vodka.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The quality controller could require administrations of master agents, who will find the makers of this fake vodka and different items in the market. The controller must utilize the least assets conceivable to accomplish the best outcomes. The effectiveness of the controller to perform, is legitimately identified with components, for example, the administrative command and responsibility (Schiantarelli 2005). There is an assortment of guidelines to look over, and the first is self-guideline. This happens when people or associations, which have a typical intrigue, meet up to shape a body, which is accused of an order to control the individuals. This is seen among proficient bodies and sports affiliations. An exceptional model is FIFA. Self-guideline beats different difficulties experienced in legislative guideline. The controller appreciates more independence and has clear responsibility about how it functions. The controller doesn't hold any insusceptibility to outcomes, coming about because of not playing out its administrative command. Self-controllers have a huge pool of specialists in their general vicinity of pertinence. This does well in the exhibition of its order. The taking an interest bodies may concur that each, will give specialists to work in the controller, consequently making sure about demonstrable skill. The impact of all the in advance of referenced positive parts of self-controllers, is superior to that of the administration controller. For the current situation, the club proprietors and bar proprietors can collaborate with the liquor merchants, to shape a self-controller. The reason for the controller will include the guideline of liquor quality in the clubs and bars. The controller will be responsible to the taking part parties, since it’s there to ensure their inclinations. The association has a pool of specialists to choose controllers. This makes the body uncommonly capable and effective in playing out its obligation. The proficie ncy of the controller will clearly rely upon different variables. The primary one is the administrative command. The best possible command gives the controller capacity to play out its obligations. The bothered gatherings for the situation study have another choice. They may decide to frame authorized self-guideline or Meta guideline. Authorized guideline, includes the subcontracting of the controller obligations to associations that as of now have a controller. The subcontracted obligations incorporate creation the standards, discipline and amendment of those in break, and keeping watch on consistence. This sort of course of action would do well for the network. The individuals from the general public can join to shape a controller. The fundamental reason for this controller is to routinely keep an eye on the nature of the purchaser items in the market. The obligations that the controller can subcontract incorporate rebuffing those in break and research and testing administrations. This type of guideline by the network is instrumental in forestalling the event of unfavorable episodes. Despite the fact that the network re

Essay sample how the beehive looks like

Bees are wonderful and extraordinary creatures that are far more complicated and intelligent than it is usually believed. Due to their close relationships with people, bees have been relatively well-researched compared to other insects. These are more than 20,000 species of bees living in different parts of this planet (Winston, 2014). Some of them are tiny and reach only 2 mm while others are quite impressive – up to 4 cm long. Bees are famous for making honey – a delicious and wholesome substance they create from pollen (Corrick, 2010). These social insects live in colonies with an intricate structure and a clear division of responsibilities. Research shows that there are soldiers, queens, breadwinners, and even babysitters in their beehives, which vividly demonstrates the complexity of their world. In the present essay, I attempt to explore what it is like in a beehive, how natural and human-made behaves differ, and how bees interact within these settings. Inside a Natural Beehive It is important to understand that different species of bees have different beehives. Naturally, describing all of them will take much time, so we will focus on the most common Western honeybees’ hives. A natural beehive is typically constructed in some hollow cavity that protects its inhabitants from the elements (Winston, 2014). It can be a hollow tree trunk, a cavity in a cliff, or even a rooftop or an attic. To build their houses, bees use the wax they produce with the help of glands located on their abdomens. They chew this wax until it gets soft enough to bond small pieces of it into one large hive (Corrick, 2010). Interestingly, bees building the hive (they are called workers) manage to maintain the favorable atmosphere to control the texture of this wax. Now that you know what is a beehive made out of, I intend to explain how it looks like inside and what functions it serves. The beehive is the kind of a honeycomb with uniquely-shaped hexagonal cells. These small constructions with a perfect form are used by bees to store honey, pollen, and nectar, as well as house larvae (Hirschmann, 2004). Since a beehive may contain up to 50,000 bees, it is critically important for these creatures to optimize this space. At this point, one needs to highlight that bees are talented mathematicians and engineers. They discovered that hexagon is an ideal shape to use their scarce resources wisely. Because bees need much honey to produce wax, they try to use as little of this substance as possible, so triangles and squares would be too â€Å"expensive† to construct (MyBeeLine, 2017). Besides, the hexagonal shape allows optimizing the use of space, which is crucial for such crowded places as hives. Inside a Honey Beehive: Human-Made Hives Human-made beehives, although being similar to the natural ones, have several peculiarities. Therefore, I would like to explain what’s it like inside a beehive made by people. Since the ancient times, people have tried to domesticate these useful insects and build houses for them, which consisted of unbaked clay and straw. However, these structures were not orderly enough, so bees had to create their own honeycombs, which were then destroyed by people to extract honey (Hive and Honey Apiary, 2017). Fortunately, modern beekeepers have developed more efficient methods of beehive construction that allow bees to live in comfortable conditions. Interestingly, while bees need only time and efforts to build their extraordinary houses, contemporary beekeepers wishing to have bees at home should possess many skills, knowledge, and materials at hand. To construct a simple beehive, one would need thick sheets of plywood, table saw, chop saw, hammer, nails, wood glue, jigsaw, and many other things (Pauli, 2016). The main feature of these constructions is that they have movable frames that facilitate the process of honey extraction. Due to this characteristic, the comb is easily left intact during the honey bee hive removal, but some beekeepers sell honey comb because is believed to have many vitamins. In general, although the external structure of the handmade beehive differs from that of the natural one, the internal setting remains almost the same as bees themselves adjust it to their needs. Interesting Facts about Bees I would also like to discuss some interesting honey bee hive facts that will tell you more about these extraordinary insects. Building such complicated hives requires much energy, so bees literally work themselves to death constructing them; some of them live no longer than six weeks (Reilly, 2013). Furthermore, it is a well-known fact that bees get used to performing a certain job and if they need to change it for some reason, their brain chemistry changes as well to respond to new requirements. Interestingly, it is also believed that the clear division of responsibilities resulted in bees having their distinct personalities and character, which is one of the reasons why people get so fascinated by these creatures (Reilly, 2013). The last thing to consider is how do honeybees communicate about the location of food resources? Research indicates that bees use hormones and special movements to interact, which work together as a unique language that humans have not yet fully unraveled. To summarize, one can see that bees are amazing insects with a complex social structure, division of responsibilities, language, and outstanding engineering skills. They are dedicated to their work and can cooperate effectively to construct uniquely-shaped hives, both in the natural and home environment. However, some things are still not fully explored about these creatures. It is not clear how do honeybees communicate about the location of food resources and how they decide what jobs they should take. Therefore, a beehive remains a mystery for humans, which is to be explored in the future.

Technology Is A Violation Of Human Rights Essay - 1757 Words

Over the years there has been a shift in technology when it comes to benefiting or hindering human rights all around the world. But lately technology is heavily scrutinized by the public because of its limitation of human rights. The act of war and surveillance is not showing a benefit to improving human rights since these technologies tend to violate humans without their consent. Development of technology to â€Å"protect† human rights has been proven to do the opposite. Technology most definitely can be beneficial to human rights but the argument now is that it’s more of scam. Of course there is technologies that are preserving human rights and saving lives in impoverished areas. The argument for human rights and its correlation with technology is a tricky one but the cons and pros even out each other. Surveillance is the biggest issue that most people address as a violation of human rights. The use of surveillance has benefitted many when it comes to protecting our f reedom and safety; but, it also violates those exact things that we want as a free citizen. Edward Snowden publicly displayed the rights that the American government were violating with the NSA leak back in early 2010’s and that was the biggest argument against the use of technology to â€Å"preserve† human rights. Not only did this incident affect America’s view of the government but it also open up the world’s eye on what their country is doing to violate personal freedoms. Human rights groups in the United KingdomShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Side Of Good School Attendance On Academic Development1552 Words   |  7 Pages Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Violation can be defined in a variety of way. Macionis (2010) defined violation as a conscious deviation from standard social practices. 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Ethics Argument Essay - 911 Words

Ethics Argument Essay Jay Bechtel Ethics is the practice of not only understanding where someone is coming from, but also understanding how he or she got there. Former Supreme Court Justice, Potter Stewart, when commenting on ethics, explained that â€Å"ethics† is â€Å"knowing the difference between what you have a right to do, and what is right to do.† Potters expression perfectly parallels to any ethical dilemma, as it is not only correct to bring in different approaches, but also to understand the goal, or as Potter put it- to know the â€Å"difference.† For the sake of this paper, and for a fair analysis, the four main ethical approaches will be considered: Virtue, Utilitarian, Justice, and Rights. The academic article â€Å"Man and Superman† by renowned Author, Malcolm Gladwell focuses on many ethical dilemmas in the world of extreme and professional sports, as it raises the question of- â€Å"When is Enhancement acceptable?†-Regarding Natural Versus Engineered athletic abil ity. 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Business Ethics in Oil and Gas Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics in Oil and Gas Industry. Answer: Introduction The past period has seen the growth in the oil and gas industries which have propelled the momentum of the energy sector and modified the view of the local populations towards the activities of the companies. The business ethics defining the corporate and firms structure of the government in charge lack credibility and responsibility towards the citizens. Unethical practices such as careless management decision making and the oil firms attitude towards their environment have put the life of the surrounding ecosystem in to a risk. People who were initially dependant on small scale fishing and farming in the neighbourhood for their livelihood finding themselves in a tight situation due to the polluted environments. With the widening of the energy business the oil and gas industry currently continuous to encounter challenges. Secure extraction of these resource is becoming a factor with several employees finding themselves exposed to risks of injury or even health issues. With the resou rce and wealth generated from the industry the society expect giving back in terms of support to solve societal issues of which the sector has failed. In addition, the extraction of oil has resulted in oil spills polluting the regions and causing massive disappearance of life. Gradually the countries are developing policies to protect themselves from these disasters but the ethical issues are yet to be taken seriously if recent repetitive occurrences in the sector are anything to The relationship between management of ethical risk in the oil and gas industry and reduction in the accidents. Due to the several risks surrounding the oil and gas industry the industry stake holders drafted several ethical issues to assist curtail the disasters and the magnitude of the aftermath of the disasters should an industry experience one. Form the case study we see several cases under which failure to manage ethical issues have directly impacted on severe accidents. In the wreck of the Exxon Valdez the first situation occurs when Gregory Cousins take the captaincy of a very large crucial ship ferrying very risky product in a sea which he is not licenced to operate in it becomes even worse to note that the pilot of this ship was spending time sleeping thereby neglecting his duties I purpose. On the other hand, after the wreck the pilot tries to free the ship from the reef by rocking the tanker. Even though the sea guard expertly advised against this he goes ahead hence causing a severe spillage of oil into the sea When the officials of the Exxon acknowledged putting the ship on the hands of a drunkard undergoing treatment then the ethical connection to the accident just becomes too visible. The Deep-water Horizon oil spillage further supports this notion that poor management of ethical issues is the back bone of majority of the accidents (Huntington, 2009). Prior to the accident, we researchers point out to numerous ethical issues which it was to be addressed in advance would have obviously impacted in reducing the possibility of the disasters. BP firm preferred less costly oil well design which increased the risk of the accident, also the experts observed that the firm management neglected vital procedures which were meant to test the presence of gases in the pipes a condition which seemingly led to the explosion (Minerals Management Service, 2011). This ethical negligence further becomes painful to the victims of the disaster when observers indicate that the experts gave a go-ahead to the process after observing warning signs during their safety test on the oil rig. It evident form this case study that there is a perfect positive correlation between the number accidents occurring and the poor management of ethical risks in the oil and gas sector. Despite the managers being aware of the riskiness of their environment of operation and the huge health and environmental consequences brought about by accidents in the area. It quit unimaginable how they can afford to take such a risk only considering their potential profits Comparison of the risks faced by BP, Exxon and the Fracking industry in their bid to adequately supply energy The oil and gas segment is characterised by tapping invisible, under pressure underground petroleum resources and try to abstract those resources securely from the ground. After the extraction, the products are mainly ferried for a long distance through the pipeline or ocean destined tankers (Nossiter, 2010). In addition, the refinement of the product is carried out via a combination of technical chemical combinations comprised with higher pressures and high temperatures. Every single stage involves in the petroleum and gas mining, processing and transportation are under the operations of people which historically have proven to be susceptible errors. The BP, Exxon and Fracking industry are all involve in the oil and gas sector and for that purpose they tend to face similar risks when it comes to their quest to supply energy adequately to the population. These risks are generalised into environmental, health, safety, and liability and reputational. The environment risk has been one of the major issue when it comes to petroleum and gas products. Just like other forms of extracting the natural resources oil and gas mining is not carried out in a vacuum rather they are undertaken in areas which have various forms of life developing. From the sea life in the oceans where oil and gas mining often takes place to the land animals. As indicated by the case study the various human error which often lead to accidents have been evidenced to portray a heavy consequence to life. When the Exxon Valdez wrecked in the year 1989, the oil spillage spreads rapidly in few days killing thousands of sea birds, sea otters and the entire wildlife which was in the shoreline environment. The prince Willian Sound area where the accident occurred at that time was home to several species of birds. These environmental effects flowed to the people who were dependant on that part of the sea for fishing, an industry that was estimated to generate of $100 million annually. Even up to now as the ExxonMobil insists on the recovery of the area researchers are still indicating that toxins are still leaking from the Exxon Valdez oil which remains on the beaches and hence continuing to harm the wildlife. This risk is once again portrayed in the Deep-water Horizontal oil spill which saw an oil rig explode and release million gallons of oil into the Mexican gulf killing thousands of marine animals with scientists indicating that there is still oil lurk in the seafloor and hence offering a threat to coral reefs and other marine life. Similarly Fracking even though deemed safer compared to petroleum and gas in terms of environmental risks the case study indicates that these statistics seems to be misleading. These challenges are similar only that when it comes to fracking the environmental impacts tend to affect individuals hence a bit suppressed. An example is the release of radioactive gases and reduce the value of homes in the areas which Fracking is taking place are some of the issues affecting their environments not forgetting to add seismic waves to the group. Another risky area that have impacted on the sustainability of firms operating on the oil and gas sector is the health issue. First, the mining and consumption of the petroleum products and natural gases have been with associated with release of toxins into the atmosphere and the surroundings in general. This have led to emergence of a series of health issues. In the Fracking segment, we see randy Mayer an employee at one of the firms undertaking mining going through a series of health issues from the toxics he interacted with when on duty. Also, a couple is complaining of the death of their animals after allowing fracking to take place in their land an indication that there is toxics coming out of the process which are harmful to health. The massive death of wildlife from the sea plants and animals caused by the BP and Exxon Valdez oil spillage is just an example of how harmful the oil and gas is when it comes to health. This makes a major risk to the existence of the oil and gas in dustries. As much as safety is related to health when it comes to riskiness it is observed to be an independent issue. The Deep-water horizon spill is a very clear illustration of what safety is all about. Both the BP, Exxon and Fracking are activities which are carried out in very vulnerable conditions. The case study gives perfect evidence of the riskiness when it comes to safety from animals to the employees directly involved in this segment. A refinery under the BP care exploded in Texas and killed 15 employees, again in April 2010 an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded and killed a total of 11 employees. In the Fracking segment, we see the author showing concern over the magnitude of people who will be affected by catastrophizes in the sector due to the proximity to human settlement of the of the operations of fracking. Liability even though a risk that have little effect to life hence not loudly mentioned is a very heavy risk to the firms. In the Exxon Valdez wreck the case study clearly indicate the heavy penalties the firms suffered in liability for failing to prevent the accidents. First in the oil spillage BP firm and the Exxon spent billions of shillings clearing the oil spill. They are further forced to compensate the other users of the sea for the loss of income arising from the pollution of the sea. Though Fracking sector is yet to be affected by a large-scale accident its proximity to the general population is just an indication of the level of liability the firms will carry shall they see a disaster in their operations. Further we look at the reputational risk which is associated with any form of accident in the firms. When the Exxon Valdez wrecked, we see the public outcry forcing the firm to complete the clearing of the oil spillage that tells you what the public perception is regarding the responsibility of the firm to the accident. The same fate is also suffered by BP when accidents occurred at their firm. We see the frim even undergoing the extent of changing their name to try win back the public trust after the accidents. The fact that several countries from France to Germany as well as Bulgaria have banned the fracking activities tells it all on how the reputational risk is a challenge to the firms in the oil and gas sector. How ethical leadership helps the oil and gas industry manage risks The area of operations of the oil and gas extraction services is surrounded by risks which are impossible to mitigate without a unique procedure of business operations. On our case study, we visualise several risks which were simply occurred because of negligence to adhere to the ethical leadership standards (Faure, 2005). During the aftermath of the Exxon disaster experts pointed out several issues which indicates lack of ethical leadership thereby contributing to the risks. Should captain Joseph Hazelwood taken his leadership responsibility of steering the ship safely the accident had a chance of having been avoided. But even after the wreck he still goes ahead to depict unethical leadership when he tries to wreck the ship free even after being made aware his behaviour was increasing the magnitude of oil spillage. This situation and increased risk of liability, health and environmental could have been prevented if ethical leadership qualities were exhibited. The situation is even m ade controllable should the Exxon officials adhered to the ethical requirements and disallowed operation of such an important ship by a drunk captain (amseur, 2013). Immediately after the disaster we observe a massive unpreparedness from the disaster management company which further propelled the magnitude of risk encountered. From disarray of oil containment equipment to wastage of very vital time from their unstable and in appropriate decision making (Roach, 2010). When we are told about the nature of skimmer boats which were being used to clear the disaster our conclusion that unethical leadership is what propelled the liability risk higher is undisputable. Considering the firms decision to save 22million instead of building a second hull and the failure of the CEO to visit the scene or comment on the disaster for up to 6 days after the disaster we observe a level of carelessness in the management which directly increased the risks of the firm. The careless and unethical leadership style is again portrayed by the BP organisation, instead of focusing on effective risk prevention techniques after the Exxon accident the managers engage in array of risky unethical leadership decisions which eventually led to severe loss to the firm (Environ International Corporation, 2007). The managers by choosing cheap means of extraction by shortening the equipment testing procedures and constructing a cheaper but risky oil rig designs only tarmacs the road to disasters. The situation in the Fracking sector is not different either experts have clearly outlines procedures which if followed will eventually reduce the risks associated with the process to acceptable levels. Its therefore up to the people in charge of the operations to adhere to this ethical standard to minimise the risks threatening the sustainability of the sector. Management of this cases illustrated is a sure way of reducing the risks and so ethical leadership is just the obvious way forward (Pechan, 2006). Conclusion The oil and gas industry is one very profitable sector. Due the environment of its operations the sector s one very risky venture. Despite the risks, it has attracted several firms such as Exxon and BP organisation (Argonne National Laboratory, 2004). The sector has asset of code of ethics that define the way its run but greed for money have seen firm such as BP preferring to build their public image through lies but without putting in place adequate techniques to combat risk of distress in the firm. The explosion of the oil rig combined with number of expert opinions is a strong evidence to this failure to portray ethical leadership. On the hand the management of Exxon ship wreck is another depicter of the consequences of failure to adhere to the ethical issues in the sector. Even though the Fracking sector is just arising there are already pointed issues such as the release of casino genic toxins to release of dangerous gases into the atmosphere which need immediate attention to ensure its sustainability. In conclusion, the case study is a pure evident of how adhering to the ethical codes will massively improve the nature and extent of disasters to the sector (American Petroleum Institute, 2000). References American Petroleum Institute, 2000. Overview of Exploration and Production Waste Volumes and Waste Management Practices in the United States, USA: American Petroleum Institute. amseur, J. L., 2013. Oil Spills in U.S. Coastal Waters, s.l.: Congressional Research Service. Argonne National Laboratory, 2004. A White Paper Describing Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane, s.l.: U.S. Department of Energy. Environ International Corporation, 2007. WRAP Oil Gas: 2002/2005 and 2018 Area Source Controls Evaluation, Western Regional Air Partnership, Stationary Sources Joint Forum Working Group, May 30, 2007, s.l.: Environ International Corporation,. Faure, M. . H. W., 2005. Economic Analysis of Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. , Maastricht.: University of Maastricht. Huntington, S. B. a. H., 2009. Estimating U.S. Oil Security Premiums, s.l.: EMF OP 68. Minerals Management Service, 2011. Budget Justifications and Performance Information, s.l.: Minerals Management Service. Nossiter, A., 2010. Far From Gulf, a Spill Scourge 5 Decades Old. [Online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html [Accessed 31 May 2017]. Pechan, E., 2006. 2018 SO2 Emissions Evaluation for Non-Utility Sources Final Report, s.l.: Western Governors Association, Stationary Sources Joint Forum. Roach, B. . H. J. M., 2010. The Gulf Oil Spill: Economic and Policy Issues. , Medford: : Global Development and Environmental Institute..